Systems presented or studied in the publications
  System & dialogue type (constraints level)  Instructional characteristics  Technological characteristics 
system publications year primary_modality   system_type dialogue_type form_constraint meaning_constraint form_c_type meaning_c_type   corrective_feedback target_language initiative virtual_world embodied_agent physical_robot gamification user_modelling   framework dialogue_model type_of_interaction rules_vs_data_driven processing_for_dialogue_control depth_of_processing breadth_of_processing   strand system_abbr publicly_available url notes
1 Aghate* Williams & van Compernolle 2009 2009 Written   Reactive Free none none none none   No French User   AIML matching open-ended Handcrafted rules utterance => utterance shallow   Chatbots Aghate
2 ALICE-chan Levin & Evans 1995 1995 Written   Form-focused Meaning-constrained none questions, determined answers none explicit   No Japanese System   none   ICALL ALICE-c.
3 Artificial Conversational Companion Danilava 2013; Danilava et al 2013a 2013 Written   Reactive Free none none none none   No German   AIML matching open-ended Rules learned from SCMC corpus utterance => utterance shallow   Chatbots Art.Con.
4 ARTUR Engwall 2012; Engwall et al 2004, 2006 2004 Spoken   Form-focused Form-focused exercises verbatim prompt given explicit pre-set   Explicit (on pronunciation) Swedish System   none Handcrafted rules   CAPT ARTUR
5 [Ayedoun]# Ayedoun et al 2015 2015 Spoken   Goal-oriented Contextualized none task none implicit   No English System   [own] graph goal-oriented Handcrafted rules S > U > DA >>> DA > U deep narrow   Chatbots
6 CALL-SLT Baur et al 2013, 2014, 2015; Bouillon et al 2011; Dejos et al 2016; Rayner & Tsourakis 2013; Rayner et al 2012, 2014, 2015a, 2015b; Tsourakis et al 2014 2011 Spoken   Form-focused Meaning-constrained none context, questions, instructions none explicit   Explicit English, French, Japanese, German, Greek, Swedish System   [own with Regulus] matching goal-oriented Handcrafted rules S > U => comp golden standard expected answ shallow narrow   CAPT CALL-SLT http://www.issco.unige.ch/en/staff/tsourakis/callslt/callsltNew.html
7 CALLE Feuerman et al 1987 1987 Written   Goal-oriented Contextualized none questions none implicit   Explicit Spanish System   none   ICALL CALLE
8 CandleTalk Chiu et al 2007 2007 Spoken   Form-focused Elicited verbatim prompt list of utterances explicit explicit   No English System   none   CAPT CandleT.
9 [Chang]# (question-and-answer mode) Chang et al 2010 2010 Spoken   Goal-oriented Contextualized none questions none implicit   No English System   n/a system-guided   SDS/CA
10 Chat Bots Mediator Ohtsuki et al 2000 2000 Written   Reactive Free none none none none   No English User   n/a   Chatbots ChatBot.
11 [Cho]# Cho & Lee 2009 2009 Spoken   Goal-oriented Contextualized none task none implicit   No Korean System   VoiceXML graph goal-oriented Handcrafted rules S > U >>> …   ICALL
12 CLIVE Zakos & Capper 2008 2008 Written   Goal-oriented Contextualized none system-init. none implicit   No English System   AIML matching open-ended Handcrafted rules utterance => utterance shallow narrow   Chatbots CLIVE
13 Conversation Rebuilding Boylan & Micarelli 1998; Micarelli & Boylan 1997a, 1997b 1997 Written   Form-focused Elicited use target structures context, questions, instructions explicit explicit   Explicit English System   [own] graph system-guided Handcrafted rules syntactic + lexical processing   ICALL Conv.Re.
14 Conversim Harless et al 1999 1999 Spoken   Form-focused Elicited verbatim prompt list of utterances explicit explicit   No Arabic   none   ICALL Convers.
15 CSIEC Jia 2004, 2008, 2009a, 2009b; Jia & Chen 2008a, 2008b, 2009; Jia & Ruan 2008; Jia et al 2013 2004 Written   Reactive Free none none none none   No English User   [own: NLML] matching open-ended Handcrafted rules utterance -> syntactic structure => utterance medium medium   Chatbots CSIEC
16 Cybelle* Coniam 2008 2008 Written   Reactive Free none none none none   No English User   [own: AgentLand] n/a open-ended   Chatbots Cybelle
17 Dave ESL Coniam 2004, 2008, 2014 2004 Written   Reactive Free none none none none   No English User   AIML matching open-ended Handcrafted rules utterance => utterance shallow broad   Chatbots DaveESL
18 DEAL Brusk et al 2007; Hjalmarsson et al 2007; Wik 2011; Wik & Hjalmarsson 2009 2007 Spoken   Goal-oriented Contextualized none task none implicit   No Swedish System + mixed   Higgins project (SCXML) frame goal-oriented Handcrafted rules S > DA >>> DA > Temp > U > S deep narrow   SDS/CA DEAL
19 DeMeCoT Chatterjee & Meijer 2005 2005 Written   Reactive Free none none none none   No Dutch User   AIML matching open-ended Handcrafted rules shallow   Chatbots DeMeCoT
20 [deWet]# de Wet et al 2009 2009 Spoken   Form-focused Form-focused exercises verbatim prompt given explicit pre-set   No English System   none fixed path Handcrafted rules none   CAPT
21 DialogDungeon Cornillie et al 2013 2013 Written   Form-focused Meaning-constrained none next turn set none explicit   Explicit English   none   ICALL DialogD.
22 Die Sprachmaschine Harroff 1986 1986 Written   Form-focused Form-focused exercises list of words meaning is irrelevant explicit pre-set   Explicit German User   [own] Handcrafted rules none   ICALL DieSpra.
23 DISCO Strik et al 2009, 2012 2009 Spoken   Form-focused Elicited rearrange blocks list of utterances explicit explicit   Explicit Dutch System   none open-ended   CAPT DISCO http://hstrik.ruhosting.nl/disco/
24 Dreistadt Lech & De Smedt 2006 2006 Written   Goal-oriented Form-constrained limited syntax context explicit implicit   No German User   [own] frame Handcrafted rules deep narrow   ICALL Dreista.
25 English Dialogue Companion Huang et al 2008 2008 Spoken   Reactive Free none none none none   No English User + mixed   [own] matching open-ended Handcrafted rules S > U > SemRole >>> U > S medium narrow   Chatbots EDC
26 Edubba (dialogue with NPC) Reeder 2010; Reeder & Hart 2001 2001 Written   Goal-oriented Contextualized none context none implicit   No English User + mixed   matching goal-oriented Handcrafted rules (in a definite task-oriented context) utterance => utterance shallow narrow   SDS/CA Edubba
27 Elbot* Coniam 2014 2014 Written   Reactive Free none none none none   No English User   Teneo IE n/a open-ended Handcrafted rules (mostly)   Chatbots Elbot
28 Eliza (adapted version) Goda et al 2014 2014 Written   Reactive Free none none none none   No English User   AIML (?) matching open-ended Handcrafted rules shallow   Chatbots
29 Engkey (see also POMY) Lee et al 2010b, 2011a, 2012 2010 Spoken   Goal-oriented Contextualized none context, task none implicit   Implicit English User + mixed   [own: POMY] graph goal-oriented   SDS/CA Engkey
30 English Conversation Learning Okamoto & Yano 1994 1994 Written   Form-focused Form-focused exercises list of correct and incorrect utterances list of utterances w same meaning explicit pre-set   Implicit English   [own] graph goal-oriented Handcrafted rules none   ICALL Eng.Con.
31 Eugene Goostman* Coniam 2014 2014 Written   Reactive Free none none none none   No English User   [own] matching open-ended Handcrafted rules   Chatbots EugeneG.
32 Fable expert FAQ-chatbot De Gasperis & Florio 2012 2012 Written   Form-focused Meaning-constrained none questions, determined answers none explicit   No Italian User   AIML matching goal-oriented Rules learned from literary corpus utterance => utterance shallow narrow   Chatbots Fableex.
33 Façade* Lombardi 2012 2012 Written   Goal-oriented Contextualized none system-init., context none implicit   No English System + mixed   [own: Façade NLP] graph goal-oriented Handcrafted rules U > DA >>> … deep narrow   SDS/CA Façade
34 FAMILIA Underwood 1982 1982 Written   Goal-oriented Contextualized none questions none implicit   Explicit Spanish User   [own] matching open-ended Handcrafted rules utterance => utterance shallow   ICALL FAMILIA
35 Fluency Eskenazi 1999; Eskenazi & Hansma 1998; Eskenazi et al 1999, 2000 1998 Spoken   Form-focused Elicited use target structures elicitation sentences explicit explicit   Explicit (on pronunciation) English System   none   CAPT Fluency
36 FLUENT Hamburger 1995; Hamburger & Hashim 1992; Hamburger et al 1993; Reeder 2000; Schoelles & Hamburger 1996, 1997 1992 Written   Form-focused Meaning-constrained none questions, determined answers, visual context none explicit   Implicit English, Spanish System   [own] frame goal-oriented Handcrafted rules utterance -> language-independent semantic representation => semantic representation -> utterance   ICALL FLUENT
37 Foreign Language Adventure Game Culley et al 1986; Mulford 1989 1986 Written   Goal-oriented Form-constrained limited syntax context explicit implicit   Explicit French, Latin User   [own] frame goal-oriented Handcrafted rules utterance -> language-independent semantic representation => semantic representation -> utterance   ICALL FLAP
38 GenieTutor Choi et al 2016; Kwon et al 2015, 2016 2015 Spoken   Form-focused Meaning-constrained none questions, determined answers none explicit   Explicit English System   [own] fixed path system-guided Handcrafted rules no dialogue management   CAPT GenieTu.
39 GREET Cucchiarini et al 2014 2014 Spoken   Form-focused Form-focused exercises rearrange blocks given explicit pre-set   Explicit Dutch System   [own] fixed path goal-oriented Handcrafted rules shallow   CAPT GREET
40 Her Kommissar DeSmedt 1995 1995 Written   Goal-oriented Contextualized none task none implicit   Explicit German User   [own] frame goal-oriented Handcrafted rules syntactic + lexical processing   ICALL H.Kommi.
41 [Höhn]# NA 2015 Written   Reactive Free none none none none   No German User   AIML matching open-ended Corpus-based shallow   Chatbots Focus on repair management and clarification dialogues (negotiation of meaning, clarification requests, especially for repairables produced by the system)
42 I-FLEG (free answer dialogue) Amoia et al 2012; Gardent et al 2013 2012 Written   Goal-oriented Contextualized none visual context, questions none implicit   Explicit French System   none graph goal-oriented Corpus-based U > DA >>> DA > Pars > U deep   ICALL IFLEG-f.
43 I-FLEG (guided grammar exercise) Amoia et al 2012; Gardent et al 2013 2012 Written   Form-focused Elicited rearrange blocks, gap-filling instructions, questions, determined answer explicit explicit   Explicit French System   none fixed path goal-oriented shallow   ICALL IFLEG-g.
44 Indigo* Kim 2016 2016 Spoken   Reactive Free none none none none   No English User   matching open-ended   Chatbots Indigo http://www.hello-indigo.com
45 ISLE (production exercises) Atwell et al 2000; Menzel et al 2001 2000 Spoken   Form-focused Elicited list of words questions, determined answers explicit explicit   Explicit (on pronunciation) English System   none system-guided   CAPT ISLE
46 IVELL Hassani et al 2013, 2016 2013 Spoken   Goal-oriented Contextualized none context none implicit   No English System   [own] graph goal-oriented Handcrafted rules S > U > Sem >>> Temp > U > S deep narrow   SDS/CA IVELL
47 Jabberwacky/Cleverbot* Coniam 2008, 2014; Fryer & Carpenter 2006; Fryer & Nakao 2009; Sha 2009 2006 Written   Reactive Free none none none none   No English User   Cleverbot matching open-ended Learning from previous interactions utterance => utterance shallow broad   Chatbots Jabberw.
48 JDT Kondo et al 2009, 2010; Sano et al 2011 2009 Written   Form-focused Elicited use target structures task, instructions explicit explicit   Explicit Japanese System   plan goal-oriented Handcrafted rules deep   SDS/CA JDT
49 Jenny* Coniam 2008 2008 Written   Reactive Free none none none none   No English User   AIML matching open-ended Handcrafted rules utterance => utterance shallow   Chatbots Jenny
50 Julie Tinkerbell* Coniam 2014 2014 Written   Reactive Free none none none none   No English User   AIScript (Personality Forge) matching open-ended Handcrafted rules utterance => utterance shallow   Chatbots JulieTi.
51 [Kweon]# Kweon et al 2004, 2005 2004 Spoken   Goal-oriented Contextualized none context, task none implicit   Explicit Japanese System   [own] n/a goal-oriented Handcrafted rules shallow   SDS/CA
52 L2tutor Price et al 1999 1999 Written   Goal-oriented Contextualized none task, questions none implicit   Explicit English System   [own] graph goal-oriented Handcrafted rules U > U'' >>> Temp > U shallow narrow   ICALL L2tutor
53 Language Tutor Zue et al 1996 1996 Spoken   Goal-oriented Contextualized none context, task none implicit   Explicit (on pronunciation) English, Japanese System   Galaxy graph goal-oriented Handcrafted rules deep   SDS/CA Languag. Very basic description of the system. Follow-up: SCILL
54 Let's Chat Stewart & File 2007 2007 Written   Narrative Branching list of utterances w diff meanings list of utterances pre-set explicit   No English   none   ICALL Let'sCh.
55 Let's Go* Eskenazi 2009; Raux & Eskenazi 2004 2004 Spoken   Goal-oriented Contextualized none context, task none implicit   Implicit (any) System + mixed   RavenClaw frame goal-oriented Handcrafted rules S > U > Sem >>> Temp > U > S deep narrow   SDS/CA Let'sGo Advanced CF and conversational correction strategies
56 Let's Translate Wang & Seneff 2007 2007 Spoken   Form-focused Form-focused exercises none text to be translated none pre-set   Explicit Chinese System   Galaxy (Olympus) Handcrafted rules   SDS/CA Let'sTr.
57 LINGO Kramsch et al 1985; Murray 1995 1985 Written   Goal-oriented Contextualized none visual context, questions none implicit   Implicit German User   [own: Athena LLP] frame goal-oriented Handcrafted rules utterance -> language-independent semantic representation => semantic representation -> utterance   ICALL LINGO
58 Lucy* Coniam 2008; Wang & Petrina 2013 2008 Written   Reactive Free none none none none   No English User   AIML   Chatbots Lucy
59 [Mazur]# Mazur et al 2011 2011 Written   Reactive Free none none none none   No English User   [own] matching open-ended Handcrafted rules shallow   Chatbots
60 Mentira Holden & Sykes 2011 2011 Written   Narrative Branching list of utterances w diff meanings list of utterances pre-set explicit   No Spanish   [own]   ICALL Mentira
61 Mero Lee et al 2010b, 2011a, 2012 2010 Spoken   Form-focused Elicited verbatim prompt list of utterances explicit explicit   Explicit English User + mixed   [own] matching goal-oriented   SDS/CA Mero Not engouh information reported on the type of dialogue
62 MILLA (Multi-modal Interactive Language Learning Agent) Cabral et al 2014a, 2014b 2014 Spoken   Reactive Free none none none none   No English User   AIML matching open-ended Handcrafted rules S > U > simplified-U >>> U > S shallow broad   CAPT MILLA On Pandora bots
63 Military Language Tutor (MILT-DSR) Kaplan et al 1998 1998 Spoken   Form-focused Elicited verbatim prompt list of utterances explicit explicit   Explicit Arabic   none   ICALL
64 Military Language Tutor (MILT-TXT) Holland et al 1999; Kaplan & Holland 1995 1995 Written   Form-focused Meaning-constrained none questions, determined answers none explicit   Explicit Arabic, Spanish User   [own] frame goal-oriented Handcrafted rules utterance -> syntactic + semantic parse => … deep narrow   ICALL MILT
65 Mondo (in C4) Yamada et al 2013 2013 Written   Goal-oriented Contextualized none questions none implicit   No English System   n/a open-ended Handcrafted rules   Chatbots Mondo
66 [Nagai]# Kuwa et al 2016; Nagai et al 2012 2012 Spoken   Form-focused Meaning-constrained none questions, determined answers to be translated none explicit   Explicit English System   matching goal-oriented Corpus-based   SDS/CA
67 PETA (Teaching Head) Powers et al 2008a, 2008b 2008 Spoken   Goal-oriented Contextualized none task, physical context none implicit   No English, German   MicroJaea n/a   SDS/CA PETA
68 PILÉFACE Lelouche 2008 2008 Written   Form-focused Meaning-constrained none task, instructions none explicit   Explicit French System   [own] plan Handcrafted rules   ICALL PILÉFACE
69 POMY (POSTECH immersive English study) Lee et al 2011, 2011b, 2012, 2014; Noh et al 2010, 2011, 2012 2010 Spoken   Goal-oriented Contextualized none task none implicit   Implicit English User + mixed   [own: ranking-DM] probabilistic matching (levenstein distance with corpus utterances) goal-oriented Corpus-based speech -> utterance (-> syntactic parse for CF) -> semantic parse => template-based NLG -> speech deep medium   SDS/CA POMY
70 RECALL Kruger & Hamilton 1997 1997 Written   Goal-oriented Form-constrained list of words task explicit implicit   Explicit German, English System   none   ICALL RECALL
71 Request game Yang & Zapata-Rivera 2010 2010 Written   Goal-oriented Contextualized none task none implicit   No English System   none system-guided   ICALL Request.
72 [Rosenthal]# Rosenthal-von der Putten et al 2016 2016 Spoken   Form-focused Meaning-constrained none task, instructions, cues none explicit   No German System   [own] n/a goal-oriented Handcrafted rules   SDS/CA
73 Sampras/Virtual Kitchen (expression mode) Delorme & Lehuen 2003; Lehuen 2000; Michel & Lehuen 2002 2000 Written   Form-focused Meaning-constrained none task, instructions none explicit   Implicit French User   [own CLIPS-based] frame goal-oriented Handcrafted rules deep narrow   ICALL Sampras
74 Sasha Petersen 2010 2010 Written   Goal-oriented Contextualized none task none implicit   Implicit (recast) English User   [own] frame goal-oriented Handcrafted rules utterance (-> lexical check and syntactic parse for CF) -> semantic parse => semantic response -> utterance deep narrow   ICALL Sasha
75 Saybot Chevalier 2007; Chevalier & Cao 2008 2007 Spoken   Form-focused Elicited verbatim prompt list of utterances explicit explicit   Explicit English System   [own] fixed path system-guided Handcrafted rules no dialogue management   CAPT Saybot
76 SCILL Eskenazi 2009; Lee & Seneff 2006; Seneff 2006; Seneff et al 2004, 2007; Wang & Seneff 2006; Wu & Seneff 2007; Xu 2012; Xu & Seneff 2012; Ye & Young 2005 2004 Spoken   Goal-oriented Contextualized none context, task none implicit   Implicit Chinese System + mixed   Galaxy (Olympus) frame goal-oriented Handcrafted rules speech -> utterance -> template-based NLU => NLG -> … deep narrow   SDS/CA SCILL
77 SimCon/CASTs Sydorenko 2015 2015 Spoken   Goal-oriented Contextualized none task none implicit   No English System   [own] branching none   ICALL SimCon
78 SPANLAP Jehle 1987 1987 Written   Reactive Free none none none none   No Spanish User   [own LISP interpreter] matching open-ended Handcrafted rules utterance -> syntactic structure => utterance medium   ICALL SPANLAP
79 SPELL System Anderson et al 2008; Morton & Jack 2005, 2010; Morton et al 2008, 2011, 2012 2005 Spoken   Goal-oriented Contextualized none task none implicit   Implicit (recast) English, French, Italian, Japanese System + mixed   ARMADA frame goal-oriented Handcrafted rules speech -> utterance -> template-based NLU [mal-rules for CF] => NLG -> … shallow narrow   SDS/CA SPELL
80 Spion (Prolog Spion) Molla et al 1988; Sanders & Sanders 1995 1988 Written   Goal-oriented Form-constrained limited syntax context explicit implicit   Explicit German User   [own] frame goal-oriented Handcrafted rules utterance -> language-independent semantic representation => semantic representation -> utterance   ICALL Spion
81 Sprinter Ai et al 2014 2014 Spoken   Goal-oriented Contextualized none task none implicit   Explicit (on pronunciation) German, English User + mixed   [own] probabilistic matching goal-oriented Dialogue models derived from corpus speech -> utterance -> dialogue act => reaction -> utterance selection… deep narrow   SDS/CA Sprinter
82 [Su]# Su et al 2013, 2015 2013 Spoken   Form-focused Form-focused exercises verbatim prompt given explicit pre-set   Explicit (on pronunciation) Chinese System   none   CAPT
83 Subarashii Bernstein et al 1999; Ehsani et al 1997, 2000; Eskenazi 2009 1997 Spoken   Form-focused Meaning-constrained none questions, instructions none explicit   Explicit Japanese System   [own] graph goal-oriented Handcrafted rules S > U > U' >>> U > S shallow narrow   ICALL Subaras.
84 [Suzuki]# Suzuki et al 2014 2014 Spoken   Goal-oriented Contextualized none system-init. none implicit   Implicit English System   [own] fixed path Corpus-based S > U > words <> expected words >>> next U > S shallow narrow   SDS/CA Matches input with expected (1) utterance (from scenario), then accepts/rejects it
85 Tactical Language and Culture Training System (TLCTS) Beal et al 2005; Johnson 2007, 2009, 2010; Johnson & Beal 2005; Johnson & Sagae 2010; Johnson & Valente 2009; Johnson & Wu 2008; Johnson et al 2004a, 2004b, 2005, 2010; Meron et al 2007; Sagae et al 2011; Si et al 2005; Wang & Johnson 2008 2004 Spoken   Form-focused Meaning-constrained none task, instructions none explicit   Explicit Arabic, French, Pashto User + mixed   [own: TLCTS] plan / branching (?) goal-oriented Handcrafted rules speech -> utterance (-> syntactic parse for CF) => beliefs updates & decisions => utterance -> speech shallow narrow   SDS/CA TLCTS
86 Te Kaitito Knott & Vlugter 2008; Vlugter & Knott 2006; Vlugter et al 2004, 2006, 2009 2004 Written   Goal-oriented Form-constrained use target structures questions explicit implicit   Explicit Maori System + mixed   [own] graph open-ended Handcrafted rules U > DRT >>> … deep narrow   ICALL TeKaiti. Student modeling, ...
87 TraciTalk Wachowicz & Scott 1999 1999 Spoken   Form-focused Elicited verbatim prompt list of utterances explicit explicit   Explicit English   none   ICALL TraciTa.
88 Ultra Hal* Sha 2009 2009 Written   Reactive Free none none none none   No English User   AIML (unclear) matching open-ended Handcrafted rules utterance => utterance   Chatbots UltraHal
89 Verbot* Sha 2009 2009 Written   Reactive Free none none none none   No English User   AIML matching open-ended Handcrafted rules utterance => utterance shallow   Chatbots Verbot
90 VILLAGE Wang et al 2017 2017 Written   Goal-oriented Contextualized none context none implicit   No English User   matching open-ended Handcrafted rules   Chatbots VILLAGE
91 VILTS/ECHOS Price & Rypa 1998; Rypa 1996; Rypa & Price 1999 1996 Spoken   Form-focused Meaning-constrained none task, instructions, cues none explicit   Explicit (on pronunciation) French, English, Spanish System   none matching goal-oriented Handcrafted rules shallow   CAPT VILTS
92 Virtual Language Patient Walker et al 2011 2011 Spoken   Form-focused Form-focused exercises verbatim prompt given explicit pre-set   Explicit (on pronunciation) English System   fixed path goal-oriented none none   CAPT VLP
93 [Wang]# Wang et al 2007 2007 Written   Goal-oriented Contextualized none questions none implicit   No Chinese System   AIML matching Handcrafted rules   SDS/CA Uses AIML to simulate learners + unexplained dialogue system for the tutor agent…
94 [Wilske1]# Wilske & Wolska 2008 2008 Written   Goal-oriented Contextualized none task none implicit   No English System   DialogOS graph goal-oriented Handcrafted rules U > Patterns >>> GG > U deep narrow   ICALL Restaurant task
95 [Wilske2]# Wilske 2014; Wilske & Wolska 2011; Wolska & Wilske 2010a, 2010b, 2011 2010 Written   Goal-oriented Contextualized none task none implicit   Implicit German System   Apache SCXML graph goal-oriented Handcrafted rules U > Sem >>> GG > U deep narrow   ICALL Giving directions Find an appropriate timeframe for appointment
96 [Zacharski]# Zacharski 2002, 2003 2002 Written   Goal-oriented Contextualized none system-init., context none implicit   No Spanish System + mixed   none plan system-guided   SDS/CA