This article presents the results of a systematic review of the literature on dialogue-based CALL. Applications allowing a learner to have a conversation in a foreign language with a computer have been studied under different traditions (intelligent tutoring systems, dialogue systems, conversational agents, chatbots…). We attempt to offer a structured overview of these efforts into a conceptual framework, including an operational definition of dialogue-based CALL and a typology of systems (4 types: narrative, form-focused, goal-oriented and reactive systems) and types of dialogue, with their corresponding interactional, instructional and technological traits. We summarize the main results from empirical studies on such systems, and discuss the impact of dialogue-based CALL on motivation and L2 development.