Systems presented or studied in the publications
  System & dialogue type (constraints level)  Instructional characteristics  Technological characteristics 
system publications year primary_modality   system_type dialogue_type form_constraint meaning_constraint form_c_type meaning_c_type   corrective_feedback target_language initiative virtual_world embodied_agent physical_robot gamification user_modelling   framework dialogue_model type_of_interaction rules_vs_data_driven processing_for_dialogue_control depth_of_processing breadth_of_processing   strand system_abbr publicly_available url notes
1 Aghate* Williams & van Compernolle 2009 2009 Written   Reactive Free none none none none   No French User ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘   AIML matching open-ended Handcrafted rules utterance => utterance shallow   Chatbots Aghate ✘
2 ALICE-chan Levin & Evans 1995 1995 Written   Form-focused Meaning-constrained none questions, determined answers none explicit   No Japanese System ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘   none   ICALL ALICE-c. ✘
3 Artificial Conversational Companion Danilava 2013; Danilava et al 2013a 2013 Written   Reactive Free none none none none   No German ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘   AIML matching open-ended Rules learned from SCMC corpus utterance => utterance shallow   Chatbots Art.Con. ✘
4 ARTUR Engwall 2012; Engwall et al 2004, 2006 2004 Spoken   Form-focused Form-focused exercises verbatim prompt given explicit pre-set   Explicit (on pronunciation) Swedish System ✘ ✔ ✘ ✘ ✔   none Handcrafted rules   CAPT ARTUR ✘
5 [Ayedoun]# Ayedoun et al 2015 2015 Spoken   Goal-oriented Contextualized none task none implicit   No English System ✘ ✔ ✘ ✘ ✘   [own] graph goal-oriented Handcrafted rules S > U > DA >>> DA > U deep narrow   Chatbots ✘
6 CALL-SLT Baur et al 2013, 2014, 2015; Bouillon et al 2011; Dejos et al 2016; Rayner & Tsourakis 2013; Rayner et al 2012, 2014, 2015a, 2015b; Tsourakis et al 2014 2011 Spoken   Form-focused Meaning-constrained none context, questions, instructions none explicit   Explicit English, French, Japanese, German, Greek, Swedish System ✘ ✔ ✘ ✘ ✘   [own with Regulus] matching goal-oriented Handcrafted rules S > U => comp golden standard expected answ shallow narrow   CAPT CALL-SLT ✔ http://www.issco.unige.ch/en/staff/tsourakis/callslt/callsltNew.html
7 CALLE Feuerman et al 1987 1987 Written   Goal-oriented Contextualized none questions none implicit   Explicit Spanish System ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘   none   ICALL CALLE ✘
8 CandleTalk Chiu et al 2007 2007 Spoken   Form-focused Elicited verbatim prompt list of utterances explicit explicit   No English System ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘   none   CAPT CandleT. ✘
9 [Chang]# (question-and-answer mode) Chang et al 2010 2010 Spoken   Goal-oriented Contextualized none questions none implicit   No English System ✘ ✘ ✔ ✘ ✘   n/a system-guided   SDS/CA ✘
10 Chat Bots Mediator Ohtsuki et al 2000 2000 Written   Reactive Free none none none none   No English User ✔ ✔ ✘ ✘ ✘   n/a   Chatbots ChatBot. ✘
11 [Cho]# Cho & Lee 2009 2009 Spoken   Goal-oriented Contextualized none task none implicit   No Korean System ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘   VoiceXML graph goal-oriented Handcrafted rules S > U >>> …   ICALL ✘
12 CLIVE Zakos & Capper 2008 2008 Written   Goal-oriented Contextualized none system-init. none implicit   No English System ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘   AIML matching open-ended Handcrafted rules utterance => utterance shallow narrow   Chatbots CLIVE ✘
13 Conversation Rebuilding Boylan & Micarelli 1998; Micarelli & Boylan 1997a, 1997b 1997 Written   Form-focused Elicited use target structures context, questions, instructions explicit explicit   Explicit English System ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘   [own] graph system-guided Handcrafted rules syntactic + lexical processing   ICALL Conv.Re. ✘
14 Conversim Harless et al 1999 1999 Spoken   Form-focused Elicited verbatim prompt list of utterances explicit explicit   No Arabic ✘ ✔ ✘ ✘ ✘   none   ICALL Convers. ✘
15 CSIEC Jia 2004, 2008, 2009a, 2009b; Jia & Chen 2008a, 2008b, 2009; Jia & Ruan 2008; Jia et al 2013 2004 Written   Reactive Free none none none none   No English User ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘   [own: NLML] matching open-ended Handcrafted rules utterance -> syntactic structure => utterance medium medium   Chatbots CSIEC ✘
16 Cybelle* Coniam 2008 2008 Written   Reactive Free none none none none   No English User ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘   [own: AgentLand] n/a open-ended   Chatbots Cybelle ✘
17 Dave ESL Coniam 2004, 2008, 2014 2004 Written   Reactive Free none none none none   No English User ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘   AIML matching open-ended Handcrafted rules utterance => utterance shallow broad   Chatbots DaveESL ✔
18 DEAL Brusk et al 2007; Hjalmarsson et al 2007; Wik 2011; Wik & Hjalmarsson 2009 2007 Spoken   Goal-oriented Contextualized none task none implicit   No Swedish System + mixed ✔ ✔ ✘ ✔ ✘   Higgins project (SCXML) frame goal-oriented Handcrafted rules S > DA >>> DA > Temp > U > S deep narrow   SDS/CA DEAL ✘
19 DeMeCoT Chatterjee & Meijer 2005 2005 Written   Reactive Free none none none none   No Dutch User ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘   AIML matching open-ended Handcrafted rules shallow   Chatbots DeMeCoT ✘
20 [deWet]# de Wet et al 2009 2009 Spoken   Form-focused Form-focused exercises verbatim prompt given explicit pre-set   No English System ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘   none fixed path Handcrafted rules none   CAPT ✘
21 DialogDungeon Cornillie et al 2013 2013 Written   Form-focused Meaning-constrained none next turn set none explicit   Explicit English ✘ ✘ ✘ ✔ ✘   none   ICALL DialogD. ✔
22 Die Sprachmaschine Harroff 1986 1986 Written   Form-focused Form-focused exercises list of words meaning is irrelevant explicit pre-set   Explicit German User ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘   [own] Handcrafted rules none   ICALL DieSpra. ✘
23 DISCO Strik et al 2009, 2012 2009 Spoken   Form-focused Elicited rearrange blocks list of utterances explicit explicit   Explicit Dutch System ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘   none open-ended   CAPT DISCO ✘ http://hstrik.ruhosting.nl/disco/
24 Dreistadt Lech & De Smedt 2006 2006 Written   Goal-oriented Form-constrained limited syntax context explicit implicit   No German User ✔ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘   [own] frame Handcrafted rules deep narrow   ICALL Dreista. ✘
25 English Dialogue Companion Huang et al 2008 2008 Spoken   Reactive Free none none none none   No English User + mixed ✘ ✔ ✘ ✘ ✘   [own] matching open-ended Handcrafted rules S > U > SemRole >>> U > S medium narrow   Chatbots EDC ✘
26 Edubba (dialogue with NPC) Reeder 2010; Reeder & Hart 2001 2001 Written   Goal-oriented Contextualized none context none implicit   No English User + mixed ✔ ✔ ✘ ✔ ✘   matching goal-oriented Handcrafted rules (in a definite task-oriented context) utterance => utterance shallow narrow   SDS/CA Edubba ✘
27 Elbot* Coniam 2014 2014 Written   Reactive Free none none none none   No English User ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘   Teneo IE n/a open-ended Handcrafted rules (mostly)   Chatbots Elbot ✘
28 Eliza (adapted version) Goda et al 2014 2014 Written   Reactive Free none none none none   No English User ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘   AIML (?) matching open-ended Handcrafted rules shallow   Chatbots ✘
29 Engkey (see also POMY) Lee et al 2010b, 2011a, 2012 2010 Spoken   Goal-oriented Contextualized none context, task none implicit   Implicit English User + mixed ✘ ✘ ✔ ✔ ✘   [own: POMY] graph goal-oriented   SDS/CA Engkey ✘
30 English Conversation Learning Okamoto & Yano 1994 1994 Written   Form-focused Form-focused exercises list of correct and incorrect utterances list of utterances w same meaning explicit pre-set   Implicit English ✔ ✔ ✘ ✘ ✘   [own] graph goal-oriented Handcrafted rules none   ICALL Eng.Con. ✘
31 Eugene Goostman* Coniam 2014 2014 Written   Reactive Free none none none none   No English User ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘   [own] matching open-ended Handcrafted rules   Chatbots EugeneG. ✘
32 Fable expert FAQ-chatbot De Gasperis & Florio 2012 2012 Written   Form-focused Meaning-constrained none questions, determined answers none explicit   No Italian User ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘   AIML matching goal-oriented Rules learned from literary corpus utterance => utterance shallow narrow   Chatbots Fableex. ✘
33 Façade* Lombardi 2012 2012 Written   Goal-oriented Contextualized none system-init., context none implicit   No English System + mixed ✔ ✔ ✘ ✔ ✘   [own: Façade NLP] graph goal-oriented Handcrafted rules U > DA >>> … deep narrow   SDS/CA Façade ✔
34 FAMILIA Underwood 1982 1982 Written   Goal-oriented Contextualized none questions none implicit   Explicit Spanish User ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘   [own] matching open-ended Handcrafted rules utterance => utterance shallow   ICALL FAMILIA ✘
35 Fluency Eskenazi 1999; Eskenazi & Hansma 1998; Eskenazi et al 1999, 2000 1998 Spoken   Form-focused Elicited use target structures elicitation sentences explicit explicit   Explicit (on pronunciation) English System ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘   none   CAPT Fluency ✘
36 FLUENT Hamburger 1995; Hamburger & Hashim 1992; Hamburger et al 1993; Reeder 2000; Schoelles & Hamburger 1996, 1997 1992 Written   Form-focused Meaning-constrained none questions, determined answers, visual context none explicit   Implicit English, Spanish System ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘   [own] frame goal-oriented Handcrafted rules utterance -> language-independent semantic representation => semantic representation -> utterance   ICALL FLUENT ✘
37 Foreign Language Adventure Game Culley et al 1986; Mulford 1989 1986 Written   Goal-oriented Form-constrained limited syntax context explicit implicit   Explicit French, Latin User ✔ ✘ ✘ ✔ ✘   [own] frame goal-oriented Handcrafted rules utterance -> language-independent semantic representation => semantic representation -> utterance   ICALL FLAP ✘
38 GenieTutor Choi et al 2016; Kwon et al 2015, 2016 2015 Spoken   Form-focused Meaning-constrained none questions, determined answers none explicit   Explicit English System ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘   [own] fixed path system-guided Handcrafted rules no dialogue management   CAPT GenieTu. ✔
39 GREET Cucchiarini et al 2014 2014 Spoken   Form-focused Form-focused exercises rearrange blocks given explicit pre-set   Explicit Dutch System ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘   [own] fixed path goal-oriented Handcrafted rules shallow   CAPT GREET
40 Her Kommissar DeSmedt 1995 1995 Written   Goal-oriented Contextualized none task none implicit   Explicit German User ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘   [own] frame goal-oriented Handcrafted rules syntactic + lexical processing   ICALL H.Kommi. ✘
41 [Höhn]# NA 2015 Written   Reactive Free none none none none   No German User ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘   AIML matching open-ended Corpus-based shallow   Chatbots ✘ Focus on repair management and clarification dialogues (negotiation of meaning, clarification requests, especially for repairables produced by the system)
42 I-FLEG (free answer dialogue) Amoia et al 2012; Gardent et al 2013 2012 Written   Goal-oriented Contextualized none visual context, questions none implicit   Explicit French System ✔ ✔ ✘ ✔ ✔   none graph goal-oriented Corpus-based U > DA >>> DA > Pars > U deep   ICALL IFLEG-f. ✘
43 I-FLEG (guided grammar exercise) Amoia et al 2012; Gardent et al 2013 2012 Written   Form-focused Elicited rearrange blocks, gap-filling instructions, questions, determined answer explicit explicit   Explicit French System ✔ ✔ ✘ ✔ ✔   none fixed path goal-oriented shallow   ICALL IFLEG-g. ✘
44 Indigo* Kim 2016 2016 Spoken   Reactive Free none none none none   No English User ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘   matching open-ended   Chatbots Indigo ✔ http://www.hello-indigo.com
45 ISLE (production exercises) Atwell et al 2000; Menzel et al 2001 2000 Spoken   Form-focused Elicited list of words questions, determined answers explicit explicit   Explicit (on pronunciation) English System ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘   none system-guided   CAPT ISLE ✘
46 IVELL Hassani et al 2013, 2016 2013 Spoken   Goal-oriented Contextualized none context none implicit   No English System ✔ ✔ ✘ ✘ ✔   [own] graph goal-oriented Handcrafted rules S > U > Sem >>> Temp > U > S deep narrow   SDS/CA IVELL
47 Jabberwacky/Cleverbot* Coniam 2008, 2014; Fryer & Carpenter 2006; Fryer & Nakao 2009; Sha 2009 2006 Written   Reactive Free none none none none   No English User ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘   Cleverbot matching open-ended Learning from previous interactions utterance => utterance shallow broad   Chatbots Jabberw. ✔
48 JDT Kondo et al 2009, 2010; Sano et al 2011 2009 Written   Form-focused Elicited use target structures task, instructions explicit explicit   Explicit Japanese System ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘   plan goal-oriented Handcrafted rules deep   SDS/CA JDT ✘
49 Jenny* Coniam 2008 2008 Written   Reactive Free none none none none   No English User ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘   AIML matching open-ended Handcrafted rules utterance => utterance shallow   Chatbots Jenny ✔
50 Julie Tinkerbell* Coniam 2014 2014 Written   Reactive Free none none none none   No English User ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘   AIScript (Personality Forge) matching open-ended Handcrafted rules utterance => utterance shallow   Chatbots JulieTi. ✔
51 [Kweon]# Kweon et al 2004, 2005 2004 Spoken   Goal-oriented Contextualized none context, task none implicit   Explicit Japanese System ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘   [own] n/a goal-oriented Handcrafted rules shallow   SDS/CA ✘
52 L2tutor Price et al 1999 1999 Written   Goal-oriented Contextualized none task, questions none implicit   Explicit English System ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘   [own] graph goal-oriented Handcrafted rules U > U'' >>> Temp > U shallow narrow   ICALL L2tutor
53 Language Tutor Zue et al 1996 1996 Spoken   Goal-oriented Contextualized none context, task none implicit   Explicit (on pronunciation) English, Japanese System ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘   Galaxy graph goal-oriented Handcrafted rules deep   SDS/CA Languag. ✘ Very basic description of the system. Follow-up: SCILL
54 Let's Chat Stewart & File 2007 2007 Written   Narrative Branching list of utterances w diff meanings list of utterances pre-set explicit   No English ✘ ✔ ✘ ✘ ✘   none   ICALL Let'sCh.
55 Let's Go* Eskenazi 2009; Raux & Eskenazi 2004 2004 Spoken   Goal-oriented Contextualized none context, task none implicit   Implicit (any) System + mixed ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘   RavenClaw frame goal-oriented Handcrafted rules S > U > Sem >>> Temp > U > S deep narrow   SDS/CA Let'sGo ✔ Advanced CF and conversational correction strategies
56 Let's Translate Wang & Seneff 2007 2007 Spoken   Form-focused Form-focused exercises none text to be translated none pre-set   Explicit Chinese System ✘ ✘ ✘ ✔ ✘   Galaxy (Olympus) Handcrafted rules   SDS/CA Let'sTr. ✘
57 LINGO Kramsch et al 1985; Murray 1995 1985 Written   Goal-oriented Contextualized none visual context, questions none implicit   Implicit German User ✔ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘   [own: Athena LLP] frame goal-oriented Handcrafted rules utterance -> language-independent semantic representation => semantic representation -> utterance   ICALL LINGO ✘
58 Lucy* Coniam 2008; Wang & Petrina 2013 2008 Written   Reactive Free none none none none   No English User ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘   AIML   Chatbots Lucy ✔
59 [Mazur]# Mazur et al 2011 2011 Written   Reactive Free none none none none   No English User ✘ ✘ ✘ ✔ ✘   [own] matching open-ended Handcrafted rules shallow   Chatbots ✘
60 Mentira Holden & Sykes 2011 2011 Written   Narrative Branching list of utterances w diff meanings list of utterances pre-set explicit   No Spanish ✔ ✔ ✘ ✘ ✘   [own]   ICALL Mentira ✔
61 Mero Lee et al 2010b, 2011a, 2012 2010 Spoken   Form-focused Elicited verbatim prompt list of utterances explicit explicit   Explicit English User + mixed ✘ ✘ ✔ ✔ ✘   [own] matching goal-oriented   SDS/CA Mero ✘ Not engouh information reported on the type of dialogue
62 MILLA (Multi-modal Interactive Language Learning Agent) Cabral et al 2014a, 2014b 2014 Spoken   Reactive Free none none none none   No English User ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘   AIML matching open-ended Handcrafted rules S > U > simplified-U >>> U > S shallow broad   CAPT MILLA ✘ On Pandora bots
63 Military Language Tutor (MILT-DSR) Kaplan et al 1998 1998 Spoken   Form-focused Elicited verbatim prompt list of utterances explicit explicit   Explicit Arabic ✔ ✔ ✘ ✘ ✘   none   ICALL ✘
64 Military Language Tutor (MILT-TXT) Holland et al 1999; Kaplan & Holland 1995 1995 Written   Form-focused Meaning-constrained none questions, determined answers none explicit   Explicit Arabic, Spanish User ✔ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘   [own] frame goal-oriented Handcrafted rules utterance -> syntactic + semantic parse => … deep narrow   ICALL MILT ✘
65 Mondo (in C4) Yamada et al 2013 2013 Written   Goal-oriented Contextualized none questions none implicit   No English System ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘   n/a open-ended Handcrafted rules   Chatbots Mondo ✘
66 [Nagai]# Kuwa et al 2016; Nagai et al 2012 2012 Spoken   Form-focused Meaning-constrained none questions, determined answers to be translated none explicit   Explicit English System ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘   matching goal-oriented Corpus-based   SDS/CA ✘
67 PETA (Teaching Head) Powers et al 2008a, 2008b 2008 Spoken   Goal-oriented Contextualized none task, physical context none implicit   No English, German ✔ ✔ ✘ ✘ ✘   MicroJaea n/a   SDS/CA PETA ✘
68 PILÉFACE Lelouche 2008 2008 Written   Form-focused Meaning-constrained none task, instructions none explicit   Explicit French System ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘   [own] plan Handcrafted rules   ICALL PILÉFACE ✘
69 POMY (POSTECH immersive English study) Lee et al 2011, 2011b, 2012, 2014; Noh et al 2010, 2011, 2012 2010 Spoken   Goal-oriented Contextualized none task none implicit   Implicit English User + mixed ✘ ✘ ✘ ✔ ✘   [own: ranking-DM] probabilistic matching (levenstein distance with corpus utterances) goal-oriented Corpus-based speech -> utterance (-> syntactic parse for CF) -> semantic parse => template-based NLG -> speech deep medium   SDS/CA POMY
70 RECALL Kruger & Hamilton 1997 1997 Written   Goal-oriented Form-constrained list of words task explicit implicit   Explicit German, English System ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✔   none   ICALL RECALL ✘
71 Request game Yang & Zapata-Rivera 2010 2010 Written   Goal-oriented Contextualized none task none implicit   No English System ✘ ✔ ✘ ✔ ✘   none system-guided   ICALL Request. ✘
72 [Rosenthal]# Rosenthal-von der Putten et al 2016 2016 Spoken   Form-focused Meaning-constrained none task, instructions, cues none explicit   No German System ✘ ✔ ✔ ✘ ✘   [own] n/a goal-oriented Handcrafted rules   SDS/CA ✘
73 Sampras/Virtual Kitchen (expression mode) Delorme & Lehuen 2003; Lehuen 2000; Michel & Lehuen 2002 2000 Written   Form-focused Meaning-constrained none task, instructions none explicit   Implicit French User ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘   [own CLIPS-based] frame goal-oriented Handcrafted rules deep narrow   ICALL Sampras ✘
74 Sasha Petersen 2010 2010 Written   Goal-oriented Contextualized none task none implicit   Implicit (recast) English User ✘ ✔ ✘ ✘ ✘   [own] frame goal-oriented Handcrafted rules utterance (-> lexical check and syntactic parse for CF) -> semantic parse => semantic response -> utterance deep narrow   ICALL Sasha ✘
75 Saybot Chevalier 2007; Chevalier & Cao 2008 2007 Spoken   Form-focused Elicited verbatim prompt list of utterances explicit explicit   Explicit English System ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✔   [own] fixed path system-guided Handcrafted rules no dialogue management   CAPT Saybot ✘
76 SCILL Eskenazi 2009; Lee & Seneff 2006; Seneff 2006; Seneff et al 2004, 2007; Wang & Seneff 2006; Wu & Seneff 2007; Xu 2012; Xu & Seneff 2012; Ye & Young 2005 2004 Spoken   Goal-oriented Contextualized none context, task none implicit   Implicit Chinese System + mixed ✘ ✘ ✘ ✔ ✘   Galaxy (Olympus) frame goal-oriented Handcrafted rules speech -> utterance -> template-based NLU => NLG -> … deep narrow   SDS/CA SCILL
77 SimCon/CASTs Sydorenko 2015 2015 Spoken   Goal-oriented Contextualized none task none implicit   No English System ✘ ✔ ✘ ✘ ✘   [own] branching none   ICALL SimCon ✔
78 SPANLAP Jehle 1987 1987 Written   Reactive Free none none none none   No Spanish User ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘   [own LISP interpreter] matching open-ended Handcrafted rules utterance -> syntactic structure => utterance medium   ICALL SPANLAP ✘
79 SPELL System Anderson et al 2008; Morton & Jack 2005, 2010; Morton et al 2008, 2011, 2012 2005 Spoken   Goal-oriented Contextualized none task none implicit   Implicit (recast) English, French, Italian, Japanese System + mixed ✔ ✔ ✘ ✔ ✘   ARMADA frame goal-oriented Handcrafted rules speech -> utterance -> template-based NLU [mal-rules for CF] => NLG -> … shallow narrow   SDS/CA SPELL ✘
80 Spion (Prolog Spion) Molla et al 1988; Sanders & Sanders 1995 1988 Written   Goal-oriented Form-constrained limited syntax context explicit implicit   Explicit German User ✔ ✘ ✘ ✔ ✘   [own] frame goal-oriented Handcrafted rules utterance -> language-independent semantic representation => semantic representation -> utterance   ICALL Spion ✘
81 Sprinter Ai et al 2014 2014 Spoken   Goal-oriented Contextualized none task none implicit   Explicit (on pronunciation) German, English User + mixed ✘ ✘ ✘ ✔ ✘   [own] probabilistic matching goal-oriented Dialogue models derived from corpus speech -> utterance -> dialogue act => reaction -> utterance selection… deep narrow   SDS/CA Sprinter
82 [Su]# Su et al 2013, 2015 2013 Spoken   Form-focused Form-focused exercises verbatim prompt given explicit pre-set   Explicit (on pronunciation) Chinese System ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✔   none   CAPT ✘
83 Subarashii Bernstein et al 1999; Ehsani et al 1997, 2000; Eskenazi 2009 1997 Spoken   Form-focused Meaning-constrained none questions, instructions none explicit   Explicit Japanese System ✘ ✔ ✘ ✘ ✘   [own] graph goal-oriented Handcrafted rules S > U > U' >>> U > S shallow narrow   ICALL Subaras.
84 [Suzuki]# Suzuki et al 2014 2014 Spoken   Goal-oriented Contextualized none system-init. none implicit   Implicit English System ✘ ✔ ✘ ✘ ✘   [own] fixed path Corpus-based S > U > words <> expected words >>> next U > S shallow narrow   SDS/CA ✘ Matches input with expected (1) utterance (from scenario), then accepts/rejects it
85 Tactical Language and Culture Training System (TLCTS) Beal et al 2005; Johnson 2007, 2009, 2010; Johnson & Beal 2005; Johnson & Sagae 2010; Johnson & Valente 2009; Johnson & Wu 2008; Johnson et al 2004a, 2004b, 2005, 2010; Meron et al 2007; Sagae et al 2011; Si et al 2005; Wang & Johnson 2008 2004 Spoken   Form-focused Meaning-constrained none task, instructions none explicit   Explicit Arabic, French, Pashto User + mixed ✔ ✔ ✘ ✔ ✘   [own: TLCTS] plan / branching (?) goal-oriented Handcrafted rules speech -> utterance (-> syntactic parse for CF) => beliefs updates & decisions => utterance -> speech shallow narrow   SDS/CA TLCTS ✘
86 Te Kaitito Knott & Vlugter 2008; Vlugter & Knott 2006; Vlugter et al 2004, 2006, 2009 2004 Written   Goal-oriented Form-constrained use target structures questions explicit implicit   Explicit Maori System + mixed ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘   [own] graph open-ended Handcrafted rules U > DRT >>> … deep narrow   ICALL TeKaiti. Student modeling, ...
87 TraciTalk Wachowicz & Scott 1999 1999 Spoken   Form-focused Elicited verbatim prompt list of utterances explicit explicit   Explicit English ✔ ✘ ✘ ✔ ✘   none   ICALL TraciTa.
88 Ultra Hal* Sha 2009 2009 Written   Reactive Free none none none none   No English User ✘ ✔ ✘ ✘ ✘   AIML (unclear) matching open-ended Handcrafted rules utterance => utterance   Chatbots UltraHal ✔
89 Verbot* Sha 2009 2009 Written   Reactive Free none none none none   No English User ✘ ✔ ✘ ✘ ✘   AIML matching open-ended Handcrafted rules utterance => utterance shallow   Chatbots Verbot ✘
90 VILLAGE Wang et al 2017 2017 Written   Goal-oriented Contextualized none context none implicit   No English User ✔ ✔ ✘ ✔ ✘   matching open-ended Handcrafted rules   Chatbots VILLAGE
91 VILTS/ECHOS Price & Rypa 1998; Rypa 1996; Rypa & Price 1999 1996 Spoken   Form-focused Meaning-constrained none task, instructions, cues none explicit   Explicit (on pronunciation) French, English, Spanish System ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘   none matching goal-oriented Handcrafted rules shallow   CAPT VILTS ✘
92 Virtual Language Patient Walker et al 2011 2011 Spoken   Form-focused Form-focused exercises verbatim prompt given explicit pre-set   Explicit (on pronunciation) English System ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘   fixed path goal-oriented none none   CAPT VLP ✘
93 [Wang]# Wang et al 2007 2007 Written   Goal-oriented Contextualized none questions none implicit   No Chinese System ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘   AIML matching Handcrafted rules   SDS/CA ✘ Uses AIML to simulate learners + unexplained dialogue system for the tutor agent…
94 [Wilske1]# Wilske & Wolska 2008 2008 Written   Goal-oriented Contextualized none task none implicit   No English System ✔ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘   DialogOS graph goal-oriented Handcrafted rules U > Patterns >>> GG > U deep narrow   ICALL ✘ Restaurant task
95 [Wilske2]# Wilske 2014; Wilske & Wolska 2011; Wolska & Wilske 2010a, 2010b, 2011 2010 Written   Goal-oriented Contextualized none task none implicit   Implicit German System ✔ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘   Apache SCXML graph goal-oriented Handcrafted rules U > Sem >>> GG > U deep narrow   ICALL ✘ Giving directions Find an appropriate timeframe for appointment
96 [Zacharski]# Zacharski 2002, 2003 2002 Written   Goal-oriented Contextualized none system-init., context none implicit   No Spanish System + mixed ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘ ✘   none plan system-guided   SDS/CA ✘