Friedman, D. A. (2012). How to collect and analyze qualitative data. In A. Mackey & S. M. Gass (Eds.), Research methods in second language acquisition: A practical guide (pp. 180–200). Wiley-Blackwell.
Interview
Types
- Semi-structured
- Structured
- Unstructured
Tools and processes
- Interview guide/Set of questions
- Designing interview questions
- Open-ended questions vs. closed ended
- Avoiding leading questions
- Avoiding complex questions
- Verify comprehensibility
- Designing interview questions
- Recording
- Audio is almost always enough
- Note-taking
Resources & references
- Wicaksono & Zhurauskaya (2020), York’s Hidden Stories website: Eliciting, recording, transcribing, analysing and theorising research interviews in applied linguistics. A companion website for the authors’ book, training you to conduct and analyze interviews in applied linguistics.
Focus group and discussion group
≃ Collective interview
Observation
- Observation principles
- Participant observation
- Recordings
- Field notes
- Checklists
- Rubrics
Documentary research
- Teaching & learning materials
- Textbooks
- Handouts
- Teacher management materials
- Assessment records and notes
- Lesson plans
- Official and administrative materials
- Regulation, legal or formal instructions from multiple management levels